An astonishing archaeological discovery unveiled by scientists reveals that Neanderthals were responsible for creating an advanced “tar factory” approximately 65,000 years ago. The site, found within the confines of Vanguard Cave in Gibraltar, hosted a thoughtfully constructed hearth that was used for the process of extracting tar from rockrose plant leaves—a critical component in the creation of tools and weaponry.
Sophisticated Artifact Production Demonstrated
The find, elaborated in a publication of Quaternary Science Reviews, lends substantial support to the idea that Neanderthals were far from the simplistic creatures once imagined. They were, in fact, intelligent and capable of complex engineering and teamwork. At the center of this prehistoric tar-producing venue was a carefully delineated pit with a diameter of about nine inches and a depth exceeding three inches, equipped with two narrow channels as adjuncts. Analyses of the deposit’s residues, which included bat droppings, burnt chemical remains, and a particular type of wax, confirmed its direct connection to the rockrose plant—a natural producer of the adhesive labdanum substance.
Researchers commented, “The small but deliberate construction of the hearth at Vanguard Cave signifies a previously undiscovered strategy Neanderthals employed to manipulate and harness fire.”
Upon simulating the ancient hearth and its operations, investigators verified its effective design. Within a mere four hours, they collected foliage and produced enough tar to assemble a pair of complete spears. This finding implies that Neanderthals innovated and refined an expedient method for tar generation. The precise arrangement of foliage in the hearth, when covered by damp sand and likely augmented by bat droppings to create a seal, underscores their ability to efficiently and skillfully manufacture tools and weapons.
Contemplating Uses for Neanderthal Tar
While the skill displayed in these ancient peoples’ craftsmanship is unmistakable, the debate over the specific purpose of the tar continues. Alternate hypotheses suggest that this material might have served aromatic or therapeutic functions. Nevertheless, the complexity of the hearth and the cooperative engagement it represents indicates their high degree of social interaction and cognitive prowess.
Significantly, this archaeological site’s timeline precedes the arrival of modern humans on the Iberian Peninsula by roughly 20,000 years, highlighting the advanced capabilities of Neanderthals well before Homo sapiens made their appearance in the region. In light of this evidence, the perception of Neanderthals has shifted, recognizing them as inventive and communal creatures rather than the crude figures often portrayed within mainstream culture. This insight into the Gibraltar site revolutionizes our understanding of Neanderthal society, celebrating their ability to undertake meticulous planning and complex execution of tasks.
